Post from First Trust Economics Blog

Brian S. Wesbury – Chief Economist
Robert Stein, CFA – Deputy Chief Economist 

April 28th, 2025

As we have written…The Era of Easy Everything is ending.

Part of this involves bringing inflation back to the Federal

Reserve’s target of 2.0%. We could debate that number, but the

Fed is getting closer.

Nonetheless, like kids who had lifelong learning loss

because of school closures, the legacy of COVID money printing

will never go away. The Consumer Price Index is 13% higher

today than it would have been if inflation had stayed at its pre-

COVID trend of about 1.8% per year.

In other words, we might go back to normal on the rate of

inflation, but there is a “new normal” for the price of all things.

This adjusting has been going on since the Fed was created

in 1913. Because of the bank failures that went along with the

Fed’s mistake of “deflation” during the Great Depression,

Congress created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

(FDIC). The initial level was $2,500 per account. It was lifted

many times. The last was in 2008, to $250,000 per account. In

other words, “inflation” has been at work for a long time.

And that brings us to today. The M2 money supply has

nearly tripled since 2008. Yes, people have multiple bank

accounts, and, yes, some people have more cash than others. But

if the M2 money supply has tripled, that means, all else equal,

the average checking account tripled as well. In other words, if

we adjusted for this increase in M2, deposit insurance levels

should be $750,000.

That’s how much money the Fed has created!! In just the

past 18 years. We look at this as a negative, but others talk about

“cash on the sidelines” that could lift stock prices.

The basic problem with this theory is that it treats the stock

market as if it were some sort of sinkhole for liquid funds, which

it is not. The theory is that if investors or potential investors have

big fat bank deposits or money market accounts, they could put

these funds into stocks, which would send equity prices higher.

But if one investor decides to draw down their bank

deposits or money market funds to buy stocks, the person whose

shares they buy will end up with fewer shares but more money

in bank deposits and money market funds. On net, the amount

of cash on the sidelines doesn’t change.

Does this mean that cash on the sidelines is completely

irrelevant? Not really. Growth in the money supply not only

causes inflation, but also causes the “price” in dollars of all things

to go up. But just because the price of stocks, or gold, or houses

goes up it does not mean we are “richer.” We must factor

inflation into all things. So, while the Fed can increase the

amount of “cash on the sidelines,” and that may lift prices

initially, once it is “in the system” it no longer has an ongoing

impact. Cash on the sidelines has been rising since 1913.

Yes, US stocks are down from their peak earlier this year.

But equities are still modestly overvalued and can go down

further in spite of all that “cash on the sidelines.”